chapters / major topics

subtopics

concepts

particulars

8. CLASSICAL CHINA

search for social order

confucianism

confucius

kong fuzi

analects

taught to make junzi

confucian values

ren in government

li as courtesy

xiao as filial piety

order and stability

mencius

ren- in practice

xunzi

li- as socialization

daoism

laozi

dao de jing

warring states antidote

the dao

the way of the cosmos

nothing and everything

wuwei

apolitical attitude

legalism

courtier shang yang

hated qin administrator

legalist policymaker

courtier han feizi

systematic legalist

legalist doctrine

unificaton of china

qin dynasty

kingdom of qin

granted land rights

absorbed neighbors

first chinese emperor

qin shihuangdi

centralized rule

xianyang (xian)

pre-great wall built

buried alive critics

most books burned

qin centralization

standardized laws

currency standards

weights and measures

standardized script

all dialects same script

monumental qin tomb

terra cotta soldiers

han dynasty

liu bang

sima qian's history

good advisors

consolidated new rule

han policies

avoid qin excesses

han wudi

martial emperor

vision and vigor

legalist han authority

resource monopolies

confucian education

government service

imperial pursuits

korea, vietnam tribute

xiongnu

turkic steppe raiders

aral-yellow federation

maodun- all arrows

han subdue xiongnu

former han prosperity

patriarchy

filal piety

admonitions for women

iron metallurgy

help explain han rule

silk textiles

increasingly important

sericulture

silk prize commodity

silk roads established

paper

bamboo strips usual

paper invented

hemp, bark, textiles

population growth

han agricultural spur

sixty million

social difficulties

taxes for xiongnu war

rich-poor tensions

small landholder default

wang mang

han minister regent

claimed mandate

socialist emperor

broke up large estates

famine- wang murdered

later han dynasty

yellow turban uprising

banditry by poor

yellow headgear worn

weakened han

collapse of han

court faction paralysis

relatives murder 200

9. CLASSICAL INDIA

fortunes of empire

mauryan dynasty

kingdom of magadha

expansion of magadha

ganges-burma trade

chandragupta maurya

alexander's vacuum

maruyan empire

mauryan government

arthashastra handbook

bureaucracy built

ashoka maurya

chandra's grandson

high point of empire

pataliputra-taxila road

encouraged buddhism

mauryan decline

salaries overwealming

currency debasement

regional kingdoms

bactrian northwest

greco-bactrian rule

taxila center of trade

kushan pakistan

pacified local area

gupta dynasty

based in magadha

ganges valley conduit

chandra gupta builds

faxian reports safely

science and math

hindi-arabic numerals

concept of zero

value of pi

gupta decline

white hun nomads

last empire until mughals

society and economy

towns and trade

manufacturing

pot, textile, iron, jewel

long distance trade

imported silk, horses

gandhara-persia trade

indian ocean trade

monsoon winds

india-indonesia trade

romans wanted pepper

caste system

gender relations

brahmin clan compound

epics= weak women

girls married at puberty

social order

jati guild courts

wealth flipped castes

religions of salvation

jainism's challenge

vardhamana mahavira

buddha like story

all objects have soul

desired detachement

jainist ethics

ahimsa, non-violence

varna, jati nonsensical

gandhi and ahimsa

minority religion

buddhism

siddhartha gautama

flight from palace

enlightemnent

buddha-dharma

four noble truths

all life is suffering

desire causes suffering

end desire, end suffer

end desire by 8-fold

noble eightfold path

right belief, resolve

speech, behavior

contemplation, effort

effort, meditation

goal is nirvana

appeal of buddhism

no social distinctions

popular with vaishyas

monkish preaching

monestary centers

ashoka's support

banned animal sacrifice

mahayana buddhism

people's buddhism

buddha as boddhisatva

saintly qualities

mahayana buddhism

greater vehicle

less strict, more pop

hinayana buddhism

lesser vehicle

older, more strict

nalanda

india's academic center

popular hinduism

mahabharata epic

salvation possible now

vishnu rewards virtue

ramayana epic

family values of rama

bhagavad gita poem

krishna makes bravery

body dies not soul

hindu ethics

caste duties prime

dharma obedience

artha pursuit of wealth

kama pleasure pursuit

moksha is salvation

popularity of hinduism

most popular in india

buddhism migrates

guptas promoted

10. CLASSICAL GREECE

early greece

minoans

crete and islands

knossos trade center

palace of minos

linear a script

decline of minoans

eruption of thera

revival and conquest

mycenaens

greek mainland

stone fortress citadels

linear b script

mediterranean chaos

conflict with troy

greek dark age

world of the polis

city-state society

tyrant ruled

citadel, city, hinterland

sparta

peloponnesian penin.

utilized helot servants

spartan society

austerity, frugality

citizen equals

state military culture

athens

population strain

direct-democracy

athenian society

solon avoids class war

pericles

high tide of democracy

golden age of greece

greek foreign relations

colonization

greek colonies

mediterranean shores

euxine shores

sicily, italy (naples)

colonial trade

grain, fish, furs, timber

honey, wax, gold

effects of colonization

no centralized state

greek culture diffuses

conflict with persia

persian wars

ionian coast crushed

marathon

burning of athens

greek victory

delian league

athens collects tribute

parthenon built

peloponnesian war

sparta defeats athens

weakening, division

macedonia and empire

kingdom of macedon

rural north of greece

philip of macedon

military king, cavalry

conquered greek poleis

alexander the great

inherits father's dream

aristotle's student

conquest of persia

3 hellenistic empires

hellenistic era

generals divide realm

hellenic-hellenistic

antigonid macedonia

small but prosperous

ptolemaic egypt

greek ruling class

greeks as pharaohs

alexandria harbor

cosmopolitcan culture

great alexandria library

seleucid asia

mostly former persia

greek ruling classes

greeks in bactria

greek society

mediterranean trade

trade

medit.-black trade

panhellenic festivals

trade fairs

olympic games

family and society

patriarchy

only men owned land

no public positions

more rights in sparta

women often literate

sappho

homosexual poetess

slavery

debtors, pow's

'russian' scythians

could own businesses

classical greek culture

rational philosophy

socrates

athenian teacher

socratic dialogue

ethics, integrity

sentenced to death

plato

dialogues with socrates

theory of forms (ideas)

plato's cave

aristotle

distrust of forms

trust the senses

golden mean

drama and mythology

greek deities

elements supernatural

polytheistic pantheon

zeus king of the gods

religious cults

fertility cult of demeter

cult of dionysus

drama

themes acted on stage

tragedies, comedies

hellenistic philosophy

hellenistic philosophers

epicurean pleasure

skeptics withdraw

stoics aid virtuously

11. CLASSICAL ROME

kingdom to republic

etruscans and rome

romulus and remus

founded rome

etruscans

anatolian migrants

bronze, iron, jewelry

kingdom of rome

early monarchy

roman republic

establishment

constitutional politics

senate-consul system

patricians, plebeians

tribunes

broad participation

expansion of republic

expansion north

celts, etruscans

expansion south

sicily

three punic wars

carthage defeated

mare nostrum

greece taken

republic to empire

problems of expansion

gracchi brothers

tribunes of plebeians

against latifundia

both assassinated

class conflict increases

social civil war

marius and sulla

first triumverate

foundation of empire

rise of julius caesar

gallic wars

triumverate breaks

dictatorship declared

caesar stabbed

augustus

octavian, marc antony

cleopatra, actium

administration

senate cooperation

pax romana

expansion, integration

imperial expansion

iberia, gaul, britainnia

dalmatia, mauritania

libya, egypt, anatolia

armenia, judaea, meso.

roman roads

engineering

curbs, drainage

empire linked

roman law

twelve tables

innocent until proven

economy and society

trade and urbanization

city of rome

monumental arches

aqueducts, baths

concrete, fountains

bread and circuses

colosseum gladiators

circus maximus races

mock naval battles

family and society

paterfamilias

male head of family

women had influence

slavery

1/3 population slaves

latifundia workers

spartacus revolt

urban slavery less harsh

cosmopolitan nostrum

religion & philosophy

roman deities

taken from greece

zeus becomes jupiter

household gods

philosophy from greece

roman stoicism

cicero advocates stoics

religions of salvation

mystery religions

mithraic cult

cult of isis

judaism and rome

roman judaea

too monotheistic

jewish rebellions

essenes

belief in a messiah

early christianity

jesus of nazareth

the kingdom of god

miracles, sermons

crucifixion of christ

apostles of jesus

resurection of christ

salvation through christ

paul of tarsus

spread of christianity

letters to roman cities

early christians

catacombs of rome

new testament

refusal of roman cults

martyrdom

12. THE SILK ROADS

long distance trade

hellenistic networks

sea routes

red-arabian-indian

monsoon system

land routes

india-bactria-med

silk roads

overland routes

han-roman endpoints

chang'an- taklamakan-

kashgar- spur to india

kashgar- caspian-

palmyra-antioch-tyre

sea lanes

guangzhou-ceylon-

persian g.-arabian sea

trade goods

silk, spices, cloves

nutmeg, mace, carn.

ginger, cinnamon, oils

pepper, perfumes

pearls, coral, ivory

zhang qian

chinese traveler

cultural exchanges

spread of buddhism

buddhism in towns

kashgar, khotan

bukhara, samarkand

buddhism in china

brought by merchants

chang'an center

spread to korea, japan

buddhism in southeast

java, sumatra, vietnam

cambodia's angkor wat

spread of christianity

across mediterranean

anatolia, syria

egypt, greece

italy, spain, gaul

christianity in asia

ascetics

nestorians to china

manichaeism

mani

attempt at dualism

decline to zoro priests

germs

epidemic diseases

smallpox

25% romans killed

25% chinese killed

china after the han

decay of han state

land distribution

private armies

peasant unrest

tax breaks for wealthy

yellow turban uprising

generals rule over emp.

collapse of han

generals split empire

cultural change

destruction of cities

chang'an 100 homes

luoyang a trash heap

mauraders want food

sinicization of nomads

mingling nomad-chinese

buddhism spreads

alt cultural foundation

fall of roman empire

internal roman decay

barracks emperors

emperors died violently

political chaos

diocletian

divided empire

attacked christians

stabilized economy

constantine

constantinople

legalized christianity

germanic invasion

germanic migrations

visigoths

huns

turkic warriors

chief attila's incursions

collapse of rome

huns pressured germans

germans entered rome

ostrogoth deposition

cultural change

christianity

edict of milan

st. augustine

church grows

bishop of rome- pope

seat of st. peter

council of nicaea

holy trinity understood