chapters / major topics

subtopics

concepts

particulars

22. EXPLORATION AGE

long distance trade

patterns of trade

routes

silk rd.-trans-sahara

indian ocean linked all

trading cities

many foreign merchants

avoided excess fees

malaka clearinghouse

marco polo

met khubilai khan

diplomatic missions

chinese experience

ceylon-india-arabia

mongol-christian trade

pope-khan letters

ibn battuta

hajj stimulated travel

qadi to delhi sultan

sharia-based lashings

sharia in maldives

topless women no

missionary campaigns

sufi missions

islam to africa, india

christian missionaries

john of montecorvino

archbishop of khanbaliq

limited post-yuan travel

cross cultural exchange

cultural dialogue

averroes- plato, ari.

moses maimonides

pico's dignity oration

spread of crops

citrus, rice to africa

sugarcane to abbasids

crusaders taste sugar

european demand up

gunpowder technology

china to genghis khan

mongols to persia

mongols to russia

russia to europe

changes forever war

castles, city walls done

crisis and recovery

bubonic plague

little ice age

shorter growing season

famines, pop. decline

greenland abandoned

origins of black death

southwestern china

bacillus infects rodents

fleas spread bacillus

mongol military spread

central china half dead

spread of plague

silk road cities-ports

black sea ports-italy

population decline

half dead in europe

labor shortages

peasant rebellions

the ming dynasty

hongwu

brilliant ming dynasty

ming centralization

mandarin bureaucrats

loyal eunuch explosion

economic recovery

fine porcelain 'china'

chinese cultural revival

mongols eradicated

yongle encyclopedia

state building in europe

decentralized 15th C.

regional italy, HRE

divided spain

france divided- claims

russia power vacuum

monarchies appear

new taxes levied

gunpowder armies

italian states

milan, florence, venice

strong banking powers

france and england

hundred years war

property tax, salt tax

louis XI private army

italy ruled by france

spain

fernando and isabel

reconquista completed

take italy from french

sponsored columbus

russia

grand prince moscow

ivan III stops paying

moscow triples size

ivan calls self czar

the renaissance

italian art

rebirth of classics

da vinci, perspective

michealangelo's poses

brunelleschi's domes

humanists

lit, hst, phl = humanities

christian not secular

christian moral power

erasmus bible trans.

petrarch found books

humanist morals

don't isolate like monk

do public work- cicero

renaissance and world

burning desire to know

interest in outside world

exporation, colonization

chinese reconnaissance

zheng he voyages

treasure ships- biggest

india, africa, arabia

gifts to new lands

giraffe, animals to china

end of expeditions

isolation of china

zheng he grounded

boats rot away

technology forgotton

european exploration

portuguese voyages

dias, da gama to africa

slave trade

portuguese sugar

africans to islands

columbus

sought spice islands

23. GLOBAL ENCOUNTERS

europe explores world

motives to explore

portuguese exploration

hardscrabble kingdom

fish, seal, whale, timber

islands discovered

azores, madeiras

inhabited canaries

cash crops

europe demands sugar

island sugar plantations

southern expansion

trade routes

circumvent arabs

high prices in cairo

african gold

missionary efforts

crusades, reconquista

zeal high

sailing technology

the ships

rudder into stern

square, lateen sail tacks

magnetic compass

astrolabe, cross staff

oceanic winds

wind wheels n and s

volta do mar return

mediterranean - atlantic

henry the navigator

sponsored africa trips

dias to cape good hope

vasco da gama

tough voyage, big pay

calicut established

christopher columbus

sail west to find east

spanish crown sponsor

san salvador 10-12-92

taino 'indians'

reported he found asia

atlantic - pacific

ferdinand magellan

knew portuguese seas

circumnavigated globe

exploration of pacific

north pacific- bering

south pacific- cook

trade & conflict in asia

trading-post empires

portuguese trade posts

goal trade, not conquer

forts, duties charged

ghana, mozambique

hormuz, goa, melaka

macau ch, nagasaki, jp

alfonso alboquerque

'safe-conduct passes'

dutch, english refuse

dutch & english posts

dutch take melaka

cape town, colombo

batavia

english operate madras

bombay, calcutta

trading companies

joint stock companies

VOC

BEIC

europe in southeast

philippines conquest

p had no central gov't

spain takes islands

manila

entrepot, missionary

manila galleons- silver

java conquest

dutch batavia prospers

dutch enlightenment

voc wealth

russian empire east

siberia

not an empty land

resources, furs

native siberians

twenty six ethnicities

otter, lynx, arctic fox

sable, reindeer

diseases cut siberia

shaman religions

russians move in

400k russians 1760

seven years' war

conflict, competition

gb, pr vs. fr, au, rus

british hegemony

ended with britain tops

global exchanges

columbian exchange

biological exchanges

disease, smallpox

from old to new

wheat, vines, citrus

horse, cattle, pig, sheep

from new to old

corn, peanut, tomato

turkey, llama

population growth

rebound from plague

600m 1700 worldwide

900m 1800 worldwide

migration

euro afro to america

origins of global trade

trans-pacific trade

silver from peru-china

furs, sea creature trade

burgeoning global net

24. EUROPE TRANSFORMS

christendom fragments

protestant reformaton

martin luther

attacked indulgences

printing press bible

close monestaries

vernacular bible

zealous mob following

lutheran church begins

reformation elsewhere

scandinavia- lutheran

swiss- calvinist

holland- calvinist

scotland- calvinist

england- henry VIII

john calvin

the institutes - book

catholic reformation

council of trent

reaffirmed catholic way

cleaned house

founded jesuits

ignatius loyola

led jesuit order

society of jesus- jesuits

educative order

classics, history, lit

science, philosophy

missionary work

made C global religion

witch hunts

makings of a witch

devil gives powers

barrenness, bad harvest

lewdness, sabbath

sex with lucifer, potions

hunt for witches

60k women killed

36 in new england

religious wars

outright war C vs. P

french civil conflict

C nation vs. P nation

spanish armada

netherlands revolt

thirty years' war

most massive conflict

HRE-bohemia first

33 % germany killed

modern sovereign states

no revival of empire

charles V

habsburgs many lands

maybe strong HRE?

vienna-cuzco power

imperial fragmentation

had to fight protestants

no empire building

enemies: french king

enemies: ottoman sultan

austria-spain split

ottomans take hungary

french, turk alliance(!)

austria bro-spain son

new savvy monarchs

england, france, spain

henry viii

louis xi

francis i

ferdinand, isabella

finance

treasury enhancement

fr- sales, prop, salt tax

sp- sales tax

gb- fines, fees

gb- all catholic holdings

alms- state not church

state power

bigger bureaucracies

bigger standing armies

nobles can't keep up

spanish inquisition

used religion for state

goal- ferret out jews

goal- ferret protestants

goal- ferret witches

charge of heresy

not as bad as reputation

toledo archbishop jailed

constitutional states

england

constitutional monarch

dutch republic

representative republic

merchants flourish

english civil war

king tried to up taxes

no parliament support

puritans clense church

king heads church

charles I vs. parliament

cromwell leads parl.

parl. army beats king's

king beheaded: shock

glorious revolution

puritan regime overrules

cromwell dictates

parl. restores monarchy

james ii - parl. fighting

GR- bloodless change

james deposed

daughter mary invited

dutch husband joins

william & mary orange

king agrees to share

the dutch republic

revolt vs. king philip II

independent dutch rep.

merchant wealth helps

hard won gains in D, E

absolute monarchies

absolutism

divine right of kings

god's lieutenants

rebellion = blasphemy

absolutist france

cardinal richelieu builds

louis 13 crush nobles

louis 13 crush calvinists

the sun king

louis XIV le roi soliel

l'etat c'est moi

palace at versailles

spending money

banquets, concerts

operas, balls, theater

est. industries, roads

canals, no tariffs

french-indian war

absolutist russia

czar peter the great

westernization

capital st. petersburg

navy and seaport built

paid standing army

shaved boyars beards

catherine ii the great

goal is great power

improved efficiency

restrict punishing serfs

pugachev rebellion

new goal: preservation!

partition of poland

lesson: strong state key

european state system

new level of power

modern state strong

medieval state weak

treaty of westphalia

end of thirty years' war

foundation for states

sovereign and equal

right to domestic affairs

religion internal matter

christendom era gone

nation-state era here

new wars political

new state based conflict

louis xiv expands

coalition gb-dr-a stops

seven years' war

f-a-rus v. gb-prus.

euro, america, asia war

first global war

imperial supremacy

britain wins supremacy

balance of power

shifting alliances done

no one may dominate

states competed

military development

competitive atmosphere

best arsenals needed

military academies

guns, cannons, infantry

not in china, india, islam

early capitalist society

new era of economics

american foods

potato to europe

carbs for peasants

diseases much lower

population rises

81m in 1500

120m in 1700

180m in 1800

urbanization

madrid 170k

london 60k-500k

paris 130k-500k

protoindustrialization

capitalists, corporations

decisions of firms

investment in capital

supply and demand

dutch buy polish grain

store in amsterdam

sell when famine comes

amsterdam stock exch.

VOC huge scale corp.

banks loan, insurance

private property rights

guild monopoly broken

putting-out system

social change in europe

material standards rise

better furniture, clothes

better food, wine

not tied to neighbors

eastern europe

landed gentry powerful

cities small

peasant labor cheap

serfdom in russia

romanov restricted serf

'last serfs of europe'

profits and ethics

self over community

church wary of interest

smith: profit=prosperity

individual+society win

nuclear family

love, marriage mid-20s

financial stability

affection parents-kids

scientific revolution

new view of universe

ptolemaic universe

geo (earth) centered

1500 year old theory

celestial spheres

beyond is heaven

sun moves around earth

planets move, not earth

copernican universe

helio (sun) centered

copernicus book shock

the earth... moves!

people don't believe

church censors idea

maybe alien life exists

science takes off

johannes kepler

orbits actually ellipses

galileo

heavens not perfect

moon has craters

sun has spots

jupiter has 4 moons

telescope

more stars=big universe

law of inertia

isaac newton

new cosmic system

universal gravitation

laws of gravity

math explains all!

moon, comets, all!

the enlightenment

science and society

newton vision's power

reason powerful tool

natural laws of science

natural laws of society

john locke

natural law of politics

no divine right

popular sovereignty

glorious rev. was good

adam smith

natural free marketplace

natural work for profit

montesquieu

natural stability of state

three branches of gov't

separation of powers

voltaire

nat. individual freedom

wit and irony help

deism

distant invisible god

god the clockmaker

most philosophes deist

founding fathers deist

universe orderly realm

theory of progress

philosophes optimists

society advances

science helps better it

ind. freedom grows

humans control nature

prosperity, justness

reason and revelation

25. NEW WORLDS

colliding worlds

spanish caribbean

taino

orinoco to caribbean

columbus' "indians"

spanish arrival

capital santo domingo

encomenderos settlers

encomienda taino labor

smallpox

3.5m dead in caribbean

plantation agriculture

sleepy backwater isles

plantation boom 1640

gb, du, fr, sp plantations

african slaves imported

conquest of mexico

hernan cortes

search for gold

veracruz-tenochtitlan

motecuzoma II dies

dona marina alliances

smallpox epidemic

conquest of peru

francisco pizarro

atahualpa dispute

killing conference

loot of gold, silver

iberian empires

colonial administration

conquistadors rule

crown wants in

viceroys sent to m, p

mexico city built

lima built on coast

audiencas councils held

new cities

viceroyalties added

st. augustine, fl 1565

panama city 1519

concepcion chile 1550

buenos aires 1536

portuguese brazil